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Zigbee is an open wireless technology that supports low-cost, and low-power devices to communicate effectively through a Wireless mesh network.

WWWW – All devices connected

Typical application areas include:

Home automation
Wireless sensor networks

Industrial control systems
Embedded sensing
Medical data collection

Smoke and intruder warning
Building automation
Remote wireless microphone configuration

ZigBee Stack

ZigBee is a low-power, low-data-rate wireless communication technology. It is frequently used in smart lighting, home automation, and other Internet of Things (IoT) applications.

The ZigBee protocol specifies a set of layers that work together to provide devices with reliable communication.

ZigBee Physical Layer (PHY) – Layer 1

ZigBee networks are dedicated to sensor networks with low power consumption, they operate on 2.4 GHz ISM Frequency and have the standard IEEE 802.15.4 specification dedicated to radio signals.

It is responsible for transmitting and receiving data over the wireless channel. It handles tasks such as frequency selection, modulation, and signal encoding.

Some extra frequencies:

878Mhz – Europe

915 Mhz – America
745 Mhz – China

Channels

There are 16 channels available with 2 MHZ wide and 5 MHz between channels, a channel after is defined and used until the end of the communication.

ZigBee MAC Layer- Layer 2

This layer provides the interface between the network layer and the physical layer. It handles the transmission and reception of data and provides services such as security, acknowledgment, and error detection.

Frame Types:

Data –

Beacon –
ACK –
MAC –

CRC –

ZigBee Network Layer (ZNL) – Layer 3

Provides the functionality to create and manage a ZigBee network. It handles the routing of messages between devices in the network and supports both mesh and star network topologies.

Physical Device types

Coordinator, Router, End Device

Network Device Types

FDD

RFD

Network Addresses

ZigBee Topologies

Star, Mesh, and Cluster tree

ZigBee Device Object (ZDO) Layer

This layer provides the interface between the application layer and the rest of the ZigBee stack. It handles device discovery, management, and network formation.

Application Layer

This is the topmost layer in the ZigBee stack. It defines the application-specific functionality and data structures that are exchanged between devices. It is responsible for handling device-specific operations such as sensor readings, device status updates, and control commands.